1378-1417 – Great Schism – Urban VI in Rome vs. Clement VII in Avignon & their successors
1409 – Council of Pisa asserted conciliar authority over pope but was unable to enforce its decisions & thus there were 3 rival popes (at Rome, at Avignon & at Pisa, elected by council)
1414-18 – Council of Constance ended papal schism & pope at Rome again had sole authority
1431-49 – Council of Basel was power struggle between pope & council
1438-45 – Council of Florence – reunion of Western & Eastern churches (Greeks accepted Latin statement of doctrine because saints cannot err in faith, but later rejected by synod of Constantinople in 1484)

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1483 – Luther born in Germany
1484 – Zwingli born in Switzerland
1509 – Calvin born in France
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1505 – Luther entered Augustinian monastery
1507 – Luther was ordained a priest; Julius II issued indulgence for building St. Peter’s in Rome
1508 – Luther began teaching at Wittenberg
1513-18 – Luther lectured on Psalms, Genesis, Romans (1515-16), Galatians, Hebrews
1517 – Leo X made Archbishop Albert of Brandenburg high commissioner for indulgence sales in Magdeburg & Mainz, to help repay banks for his dispensation to become archbishop
1517 – Luther posted 95 Theses, asking for reform against abuses
1520 – Luther wrote “The Freedom of a Christian”, “To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation”, and “The Babylonian Captivity of the Church”
1521 – Luther was excommunicated by pope, called to Diet of Worms, was put under ban of Empire, kidnapped by Elector Frederick’s men & taken to Wartburg
1521 – started translation of Bible into German
1521 – Melanchthon’s Loci Communes (first systematic theology of Lutherans)
1522 – preached Wittenberg Sermons against radical reforms; Wittenberg University became the popular center of the Reformation
1525 – wrote “Against the Robbing and Murderous Hordes of Peasants” in response to rumors of mob violence, opposing Peasants’ War; later urged clemency toward them, but kept principle that only official authority has power of sword
1525 – Luther married Katherine von Bora
1526 – published German Mass
1528 – Visitation of parishes in Saxony
1529 – Luther wrote “Small catechism” and “Large Catechism”
1529 – Diet of Speyer condemned Reformers, who then submitted Protestatio (Electoral Saxony, Brandenburg, Hesse, Anhalt, 14 cities)
1530 – Diet of Augsburg at which Reformers presented Augsburg Confession, written by Melanchthon
1537 – Luther wrote Smalcald Articles” and Melanchthon wrote “Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope”
1545-63 – Council of Trent [Tridentinum] met & began Catholic Reformation
1546 – Luther died and Smalcald War began, with Augsburg Interim issued by Emperor Charles in 1548 until church council could decide on religious issues
1555 – Peace of Augsburg, legally acknowledging the place of Protestantism in Empire (cuius regio, eius religio)
1577 – Formula of Concord published to resolve internal Lutheran disputes
1580 – Book of Concord published